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The state of human rights in Iran has been criticized both by Iranians and international human right activists, writers, and NGOs since long before the formation of the current state of Iran. The United Nations General Assembly and the Human Rights Commission〔(Iran rejects UN report on 'rights abuses' ) aljazeera.net 20 October 2011〕 have condemned prior and ongoing abuses in Iran in published critiques and several resolutions. The government of Iran is criticized both for restrictions and punishments that follow the Islamic Republic's constitution and law, and for actions that do not, such as the torture, rape, and killing of political prisoners, and the beatings and killings of dissidents and other civilians.〔Ehsan Zarrokh (,Ehsan and Gaeini, M. Rahman). "Iranian Legal System and Human Rights Protection" The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World e-journal, New York law school 3.2 (2009).〕 While the monarchy under the rule of the shahs had a generally abysmal human rights record according to most Western watchdog organizations, the new state of Iran does not have a positive reputation either, with its human rights record under the administration of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad considered to have "deteriorated markedly," according to Human Rights Watch.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rights Crisis Escalates Faces and Cases from Ahmadinejad’s Crackdown, September 20, 2008 )〕 Following the 2009 election protests there were reports of killing of demonstrators, the torture, rape and killing of detained protesters,〔(Reports of Prison Abuse and Deaths Anger Iranians. ROBERT F. WORTH. July 28, 2009 )〕 and the arrest and publicized mass trials of dozens of prominent opposition figures in which defendants "read confessions that bore every sign of being coerced." In October 2012 the United Nations human rights office stated Iranian authorities had engaged in a “severe clampdown” on journalists and human rights advocates. Restrictions and punishments in the Islamic Republic of Iran which violate international human rights norms include harsh penalties for crimes, punishment of "victimless crimes" such as fornication and homosexuality, execution of offenders under 18 years of age, restrictions on freedom of speech and the press (including the imprisonment of journalists), and restrictions on freedom of religion and gender equality in the Islamic Republic's Constitution (especially attacks on members of the Bahá'í religion). Reported abuses falling outside of the laws of the Islamic Republic that have been condemned include the execution of thousands of political prisoners in 1988, and the widespread use of torture to extract repudiations by prisoners of their cause and comrades on video for propaganda purposes.〔Abrahamian, Ervand, ''(Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran )'', University of California Press, 1999, p.4〕 Also condemned has been firebombings of newspaper offices and attacks on political protesters by "quasi-official organs of repression," particularly "Hezbollahi," and the murder of dozens of government opponents in the 1990s, allegedly by "rogue elements" of the government. Officials of the Islamic Republic have responded to criticism by stating that Iran has "the best human rights record" in the Muslim world;〔(Iran has best human rights record in the Muslim world ) quoting Ali Akbar Salehi| Tehran Times| 28 February 2012| accessed 29 February 2012〕 that it is not obliged to follow "the West's interpretation" of human rights;〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Islamic world urged to stand against Western-style human rights Tehran, May 15, IRNA )〕 and that the Islamic Republic is a victim of "biased propaganda of enemies" which is "part of a greater plan against the world of Islam".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Human rights fully respected in Iran: Judiciary chief Tehran, April 10, IRNA )〕 According to Iranian officials, those who human rights activists say are peaceful political activists being denied due process rights are actually guilty of offenses against the national security of the country, and those protesters claiming Ahmadinejad stole the 2009 election are actually part of a foreign-backed plot to topple Iran's leaders.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Testimony in Iran Trial Ties Mousavi to Unrest. Thomas Erdbrink. Washington Post. August 17, 2009 )〕 == Background == The Imperial State of Iran, the government of Iran during the Pahlavi dynasty, lasted from 1925 to 1979. During that time two monarchs — Reza Shah Pahlavi and his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi — employed secret police, torture, and executions to stifle political dissent. The Pahlavi dynasty has sometimes been described as a "royal dictatorship".〔(Google search, Pahlavi royal dictatorship )〕 or "one man rule".〔(Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam ) By (ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p.15〕 According to one history of the use of torture by the state in Iran, abuse of prisoners varied at times during the Pahlavi reign.〔Ervand Abrahamian, ''Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran'', (University of California), 1999〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human rights in Iran」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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